무역, 해외 시장 모니터링, 리서치 및 분석.

2021/01/01

한국의 첫 FTA (Free Trade Agreement) 체결 국가, 칠레.

"칠레", 이 국가를 흔히 떠오르면, 한국과 지구 정 반대편에 있는 국가 혹은 세계에서 가장 긴 국가로 간주할 것이다. 칠레에 대해 조금이라도 관심있는 분들은 한국과 첫 FTA 체결 국가라고 언급을 하거나, 구리에 매우 의존하는 국가라고 얘기를 할 것이다. 물론 우리가 '칠레'라는 주제로 신중하게 토론을 할 수 있는 기회가 많이 있지는 않지만 그 나라에 대해서 파고들면 상당히 매력적인 국가라는 것은 결코 부정할 수 없다.

간단 소개

산티아고를 수도로 한 칠레는 전 세계에서 36번째로 큰 나라이다. 이는 파키스탄, 터키보다는 작지만, 잠비아와 미얀마보다는 더 넓다. 인구는 2020년 6월 기준 약 19,500,000명이다. 면적은 한국보다 7.5배 더 크지만 인구는 서울과 경기도 인구를 합친 수준도 되지 않는다. 그만큼 칠레는 고산지대로 이루어져 있기 때문에 서식지가 적으며 인구 밀집도가 타 국가에 비해 높은 편이다. 특히 수도 산티아고의 인구는 두 번째로 큰 도시 발파라이소 인구에 비해서도 7배가 더 많다. 2천만명이 채 약간 되지 않는 인구 중 61%가 메스티조, 29%가 백인들로 이루어져 있고 원주민은 10% 정도 밖에 되지 않는다. 이 나라는 스페인어를 공용어로 채택하여 사용을 한다. 인구의 약 2/3이 가톨릭 종교를 믿는다.

명목 GDP는 2,820억 달러, 원화로는 300조 원 정도 되며, 1인당 GDP는 14,800달러이다. 연평균 GDP 증가율은 1% 정도 되지만 2018년에는 4%정도 반짝 성장을 하였다. 이는 내수 투자에 의한 정부의 지출 증가로 인하여 GDP 성장률이 평상시보다 높게 나왔다고 분석된다. 칠레는 중남미 국가 중 생활수준이 우루과이 다음으로 높은 국가이다. 물론 미국과 캐나다에 비해서는 생활 수준과 국민 소득이 한참 낮지만 중남미 국가에서 1인당 GDP가 1만달러 이상을 기록하는 국가가 우루과이, 칠레, 아르헨티나 말고는 없다. (아르헨티나는 연평균 36% 정도의 하이퍼인플레이션에 시달리는 국가이므로 경제가 좋다고 할 수는 없다.)


경제 개방

칠레는 남미 국가 중 가장 빨리 경제를 개방하였다. 남미 국가들은 자유무역을 추구하는 것 보다는 대중적 지지를 얻으려는 포퓰리스트 정치사회가 자리잡고 있다. 대부분 남미 국가들은 포퓰리스트적 지출과 국가 개입에 기반한 성장 전략을 취해왔지만, 칠레는 1970년부터 급진적이고 일관성 있게 개혁을 추진했다. 당시 아우구스토 피노체트 장군의 쿠테타 이후 정권을 잡아 경제 개혁을 시도를 한 것이 칠레를 고성장하게 만든 원동력이다. 시카고대학교 출신의 칠레 경제학자를 중심으로 자유지상주의적 정책을 펼쳐 국영 기업을 민영화 하고, 관세 및 규제 완화를 추진하여 무역장벽을 해소하였다. 물론 정치적 반대 의견이 많았지만 이들을 억누르는 동시에 경제적 부작용을 감수하면서 매년 140%이라는 하이퍼인플레이션을 통제하는 것 뿐만 아니라 과도한 재정지출, 부채를 억누르는데도 성공하였다. 자유 무역을 환영하지 않는 메르코수르(반미 국가)에 비해 칠레는 비약적인 성장을 하였다. 매해 5%씩 수축하는 칠레의 경제 성장률이 개혁 후 GDP가 10년만에 2배가 되는 신화를 기록하였다. 칠레가 선두로 경제개방을 하니 전까지 FDI 기피 대상이었던 칠레에 1985년부터 년간 7.5%씩 외국인 투자를 끌어올 수 있게 되었다. 

이후 칠레는 2010년 무렵 안데스 산맥 국가인 콜롬비아, 페루 등등과 태평양동맹(Pacific Agreement)을 결성하였고 그중에서도 리더역할을 맡았다. PA 회원국들은 그들만의 무역 거래 뿐만 아니라 철로와 도로 등 인프라망 개선, 그리고 지역 주식 거래도 원활히 하게끔 야심찬 계획을 세웠으며 회원국 사이에 관세를 92% 철폐를 하고 비자도 제거하였다. 위에 언급하였던 메르코수르 회원국처럼 반미를 주장하는 것이 아닌 그들의 실질적인 경제적 발전에 더 집중을 하였다. 

한국 - 칠레 FTA

칠레는 남미 국가 최초로 OECD 가입국으로 (2010년 1월) 유명하고 약 54개국과의 FTA 체결을 하여 활발한 무역을 하고 있다. 그 중 한국인들이 가장 관심을 갖는 것은 바로 한국-칠레 FTA일 것이다. 2004년 2월에 통과되어 4월에 발효된 한국-칠레 FTA의 목적은 다음과 같다.

1. 자유무역주의의 확산에 대응

2. 안정적 수출시장과 구리 등 원자재의 수입시장 확보. (이는 전기, 전자분야 등 제조업에 필요한 중요한 상품이기 때문이다. 또한 한국이 칠레에 수출을 할 때, 칠레의 내수 침체로 인한 반덤핑조치 등 무역제한 간섭 리스크를 회피하고자 FTA 체결을 한 것도 있다.)

3. 상대국 투자시장이 확대되고 투자 보장이 강화. (이는 칠레의 54개국 체결국이 한국 수출에 매우 유리하다)

이로 인해 칠레는 한국을 상대로 FTA가 체결된 후 1년동안 54.3% 수출 증가와 54.3% 수입이 증가가 기록되었다. 칠레는 한국에 원자재, 목재, 육류, 과일, 포도주 등을 수출하게 되었고 한국은 자동차, 핸드폰, 캠코더, TV 등을 수출하였다. 현재 한국이 칠레의 무역 상대국 4위이고 33억 무역흑자를 기록하고 있다. (45억 달러 수출 / 13억 달러 수입)

무역 통계

2019년 기준으로 수출 690억 달러와 수입 650억 달러를 기록하였다. 약 40억달러의 흑자를 내는 대표적인 무역흑자국이며 재정도 남미국가들 중 가장 튼튼하다. 한국보다 더 많은 교역을 많이 하는 국가가 미국, 중국, 일본 뿐이다. 중국, 일본에는 무역흑자를 자랑하지만 미국을 상대로 원유수입이 많아 아직까지는 무역 적자를 기록하고 있다. 하지만 전년에 비해는 미중 무역 전쟁으로 인하여 중국의 원자재 수요 급감으로 인한 수출 감소와 남미국가의 고질적인 문제인 소득 불평등으로 칠레 반정부 시위가 발발하여 경제가 어려워져 수입도 동시에 하락한 편이다. 말 그대로 불황형 흑자이다.   

매크로 경제

미국 1달러 당 710.5 칠레 페소이다. 브라질과 아르헨티나와 같은 남미 국가에 비해 환변동성이 많이 없는 편이다. 하지만 추세가 과잉 공급 문제로 구리가격 하락 국면이라 지켜봐야 하지만 칠레의 건전한 무역수지를 고려하면 큰 걱정은 할 필요는 없다. 중앙은행의 정책금리는 2.0%이었으나 팬더믹 확산으로 현재 0.5%까지 인하하였다. 그리고 물가상승률은 연평균 약 2.7%이다. 이것에 대해 추후 자세히 다뤄보겠다. 

칠레에 수출을 원하는 한국 소비재 기업

칠레는 우리나라와 정반대에 위치해있다. 그러므로 높은 물류비용은 항상 감수를 해야할 것이다. 해상으로 수출할 경우에 FOB 혹은 CIF 가격을 제시하면 되지만 이것은 FCL, LCL 수출 등 대량일 경우 가능하다. 하지만 칠레에 대량 진출을 하기 위해서는 우선 샘플식 소량을 먼저 수출을 해야 하는데, 그 소량을 운반하는 항공비용이 만만치 않다. 특히 팬더믹 확산으로 인한 항공편 감축으로 물류비용이 폭등했다. 이 부분을 잘 감안하기 바란다. 그리고 EMS 서비스는 저렴하여 수출업자들이 선호를 하지만 이 또한 팬더믹으로 상황에 따라 특정국가에 운송 서비스를 중단하는 케이스가 있다. 이 부분은 수시로 잘 확인해보아야 할 것이다. 여튼 물품 가격보다 물류비용이 더 들기 때문에 애초에 바이어들에게 Fedex, TNT, DHL 등 account를 직접 생성하도록 조언을 하는것이 나은 편이다.  EXW 조건을 추천한다.

칠레 통관시 화장품과 식품은 ISP라는 인증을 받아야 하고 전기, 전자 제품은 TBT 인증을 받아야 추후 대량 수출이 가능할 것이다. 소량일 경우에는 문제가 되지는 않지만 대량일 경우에는 HS 코드를 조작하지 않는 이상 상품에 인증마크가 꼭 필요하다. HS코드를 조작하거나 인보이스상 undervalue하는 것은 추천을 하지 않는다.

한 가지 다행인 점은 칠레의 환율 리스크가 타 이머징 국가에 비해 낮은 편이다. 가격만 잘 세팅을 한다면 환차손 리스크를 피할 수 있을 것이다. 또한 칠레가 한국과 FTA가 체결되어 있어 낮은 관세율로 칠레 현지 수입 단가가 저렴해진다는 것은 한국 수출업체에게 큰 호재일 것이다. 하지만 칠레 무역 정책의 변화가 매년이 될 수도 있고 매달이 될 수도 있기 때문에 항상 국가 정보를 주시하는 것을 추천한다.


참고 자료: KITA 통계, EIU, Statista, Rise and Fall of the Nation (Ruchir Sharma)

2020/12/25

Jack Ma's Empire is under investigation by Beijing's SAMR.

Anbang(安邦) Insurance and HNA Group, which were disliked by the Communist Party, ended up with the worst result in the past. This time, Jack Ma’s Alibaba empire has crossed a line that the party would not allow. It is not sure whether the blade will stop at Alibaba or not. There might be possibility that Beijing’s State Administration for Market Regulation(家市场监督管理) will continue to regulate further on other Internet giant companies such as Tencent. Creating an atmosphere of excessive fear can reduce the vitality and motivation of the firms, so the regulators might control the degree; however, we should bear in mind that there is nothing as important as the authority of the party.

State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR) has reported to investigate on the antitrust over the practice called “一”, which means “choose one out of two (platforms)”. The practice is to force sellers who has been operating on Alibaba platforms such as T-mall and Taobao to stop a business relationship with a competitor, namely, Pinduoduo or JD.com. This is to head off the rise of the competitors and keep its dominance of e-commerce market.

SAMR has stated the word ‘etc()' to suggest that the charges are not limited to one. It means that other charges have already been detected or that the charges will rise further in the future investigation process. Alibaba said it would comply with the investigation.

In addition, the People's Bank of China and other financial regulators have decided to summon Alibaba's financial affiliate, Ant Group. 

The People`s Bank of China said in a statement that it will soon call in Ant Group for investigation. The statement included that the regulator would supervise Ant Group in accordance with market principles and laws to implement fair competition, protect consumers' legal rights, and regulate the operation and development of financial services." China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission (CBIRC) and China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) will participate in the investigation. In a statement posted on WeChat, Ant Group pledged to strictly abide by the authorities' regulations.

CBRIC and CSRC are the state agencies that the firms and financial companies do not want to confront; meaning that issue should be regarded very seriously.

The Communist Party proposed "strengthening anti-trust regulations and preventing reckless expansion of capital" as one of the eight major projects in the economy meeting. They also stressed that "anti-trust and unfair competition prevention are basic conditions for improving the socialist market economy system and promoting quality development."

Thriving to end monopoly

The number of commercial transactions through Alibaba is astronomical. The annual transaction history of customers is an extremely useful big data. Based on this, Ant and Alibaba established DB and sold joint loans with banks. Ant has collected commissions by providing credit information to local banks with weak CB (Credit Bureau) functions. In the case of joint loans, if Ant is responsible for about 2-5 of the loan, the local banks partnered with Ant will pay the remaining 95-98. Ant Group can play big money with a small amount of money. As such, local banks may lose their customer base and their loan margins decrease by paying commissions to Ant Group, but it is difficult to give up Ant's platform to increase customers and remain their business.

Although Alibaba has been revered as an icon of innovation, without help of Great Firewall policy, Alibaba would not be this giant figure. In other words, Alibaba, Tencent, and JD.COM were able to succeed thanks to the authorities' establishment of ecosystems that are difficult for U.S. or European competitors to reach on Chinese market.

Anyways, with the money raised, IT giants began to dominate mainland’s startup market in the last five years. Alibaba has been raising funds through various ways to the Chinese startups for further tech innovations. It was big chance for startups to accept the investment from the biggest Chinese e-commerce company. That is how the first generation of IT giants have manipulated the ecosystem of startup companies.

Well, many will say this would not be a big issue. If it is legal, then the funds to the startups will be the energy for innovation.

However, the Party was not pleased with what Alibaba was doing. IT giants like Alibaba are growing into "Big Brothers" that are increasingly hard to control. In China, "big brothers" should be the only one, Communist Party.

Other IT giant companies could be punished along with the investigation. A fine can be an example of the penalty but the style of the Party is traditionally beating ‘the one example’ which can show how the Party is a strong governor. Jack Ma’s empire will likely get hurt this time. The world biggest IPO was suspended, so it would not be surprising to see any disposition.

As the People's Daily, the party's official newspaper, commented, "The strengthening of anti-trust in giant companies has a noble concept of easing the monopolistic structure and protecting the profits of small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs). The e-commerce ecosystem, which is dominated by a few dinosaurs, is disadvantageous to traditional (offline) retailers and small sellers.


Source: Nikkei Asia, WSJ, Global Monitor

2020/11/19

Why was Rupiah the most depreciated currency in the world during COVID-19?

 Bank of Indonesia

Indonesia’s central bank has cut its benchmark interest rate (targeting seven-day repurchase rate) at 3.75 percent for two consecutive months. Indonesian bank has reduced its policy rate by 125bp in just 2020 after pandemic hits. Indonesia has chosen untraditional way of monetary policy in the use of tactics of directly financing the government’s fiscal deficit. This is unlike other central banks since they buy the bonds form secondary markets such as commercial banks or financial institutions (for example: Blackrock or PIMCO in U.S.) The direct government bond buying from central bank was possible after a panel of people in parliament recommended a revision to the central bank law.

Investors concern whether the government will have a larger role in the central bank’s policy decision. In the 1999 Central Bank Act, BI have mandates to maintain currency stability and manage inflation by supporting economic growths and jobs. However, as government takes most of the part in central bank’s decision-making, central bank won’t have full right in setting interest rates and issuing new monetary policy.

Rupiah

The rupiah has declined almost two percent this month and more than 6.5 percent in just 2020. The performance of Rupiah was the worst in Asia. I can think of two factors that make Indonesian currency weaken this year: fear of pandemic and BI’s super-dovish stance.

A surge in pandemic in Jakarta has added pressure on depreciation. As foreign investors worry about the fundamental of Indonesian market, they had to cash their assets and exit from there. In the process of exit, investors need to exchange Indonesian Rupiah to their native currency. If demand falls, then the value falls which made Rupiah into devaluation. BI is prompting intervention in the currency market to prevent the outflow of their own currency.

BI has pledged to buy $27 billion of government bonds in the primary market in the condition of relinquishing interest payments as one-off purchase in the reason of $40 billion fiscal expenditure for countermeasure against pandemic in 2020. The yield on 10-year Indonesian government bonds was 7.2%, but BI promised to buy it in higher price exempting interest payment to 0%. This means central bank is printing more money than its actual value. This will lead to more liquidity environment which is vulnerable to their currency value.

Slow Recovery

Recent economic indicators are sending risk signals on the pace of recovery in Southeast Asia's largest economy. Manufacturing and consumer confidence and retail sales data were falling, and exports and imports declined more than expected in August. Dis-inflationary circumstances were caused by sluggish domestic demand in both July and August. Inflation rate has shown a little uptick from last year which is 1.32%. (BI’s target is 2%-4%)

“Finance Minister Sri Mulyani Indrawati said Tuesday the economy could suffer a more severe contraction in the third quarter than previously forecast due to the renewed social curbs in the capital. For the full year, she expects economic growth at the lower end of the government’s outlook, which ranges from 0.2% growth to a 1.1% contraction”, Bloomberg reports.

Central banks in emerging market

Covid-19 has hit worldwide economy; global trade has begun slowing, great lockdowns interfered outdoor travels, corporates had no choice but to furlough workers which led to the rise of unemployment rate. Financial market has also been in a fearful strike as investors worry about their plunging assets. At least, expectation of strong economic growth from advanced countries is good news as many believed that the worst had passed. Their stock market quickly recovered from the bottom point recorded in March.

However, emerging market has different story with the advanced countries. Countries like Indonesia, Philippines, India, Russia, Brazil, and Turkey are in economic crisis as pandemic has been spreading rapidly. Central banks like India, Indonesia, or Philippines have eased their monetary policy which can lead to downwards on their credit ratings. For example, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, the central bank of the Philippines announced that it would implement 300 billion Philippine peso (about $6.2 billion) government bond repurchase agreement with the country's Treasury Bureau for six months at most. Excessive stimulus programs like sovereign debt purchases in response of pandemic recession, can damage central bank’s future cuts and tapering and monetary authorities can lose credibility.

S&P Global concerned that the purchase program does not only result to an inflation problem but also lead to debt issuance surge and currency depreciation. "Sovereigns with less credible public institutions and less monetary, exchange rate and fiscal flexibility have less capacity to monetise fiscal deficits without running the risk of higher inflation”, says the analysts. "This may trigger large capital outflows, devaluing the currency and prompting domestic interest rates to rise, as seen in Argentina over parts of the past decade." S&P has downgraded more than 50 government ratings as level of debt is are set to continue of spiral.

Source: Bank of Indonesia, Bloomberg, The Economist

https://www.bloombergquint.com/onweb/bank-indonesia-seen-on-hold-as-rupiah-pressured-decision-guide

https://www.bi.go.id/

Global Monitor

2020/11/10

Jumia: rise, fall and opportunity. (Africa)

As we think of e-commerce firms or platforms, we may think Amazon and Alibaba are the most influential companies in the world. In U.S, Amazon is the most dominant company in terms of e-commerce platforms, operating 1p (first party) and 3p (third party) which compete each other. In China, Alibaba dominates the online retail market providing best service to the consumers regarding delivery, price, and its identical entertainment-based marketing. However, there are valuable companies other than the two I mentioned above. One of example of prospering e-commerce company, Mercado Libre, is based in Argentina which dominates South American retail market. Other example is the e-commerce platform called Jumia Technologies which is operated in African market. I personally found this company very attractive as online shopping market in Africa has great potential to grow more than what we think.

What is Jumia

Jumia is considered as “Amazon of Africa”, founded in 2012 by Jeremy Hodara and Sacha Poignonnec, previous McKinsey consultants. It is the largest African e-commerce platform which has wide variety of products and categories such as electronics and fashions. Jumia also provides logistics and payment services which make user-friendly environment to African consumers. They have about 50,000 local partners, 81,000 sellers, 6.8 million active users (previous year was 4.8 million), and more than 5,000 employees all over Africa (which is mostly furloughed or fired recently). 

Rise and fall

Moreover, Jumia is the first African tech companies listed in New York Stock Exchange in April 12th 2019. The IPO of the company was a great hope for African firms enough to have a dream to be traded in America. The share rose about 75% on its first day of listings and reached the market capital of 3.9 billion dollars. However, in May of 2019, Jumia had suffered from the short-seller Andrew Left of Citron Research who claimed Jumia as “securities fraud”. The share price plunged half in a week after the report of high possibility of fraud. In April 2020, Rocket Internet, German investment firm, which owned 28% of Jumia, announced to sell the shares. 

Opportunity

As a rise of COVID-19, more demand through online has increased. The worldwide e-commerce platform was in boom as consumers started to stay at home. Africa was not exceptional. Africa is the continent where online retail market is growing. They have 52 different countries which consist of potential 1.3 billion consumers and 17 million SMEs/merchants for online shopping business. Mobile market in Africa is expected to half-double in leading countries over the next five years which means over 300 million smartphones will be added to the market. 




“There is enormous opportunity. In absolute numbers, Africa may be smaller right now than other regions, but online commerce will grow about 30% every year. And even with wider global declines, online shoppers are growing twice as fast. Stripe thinks on a longer time horizon than others because we are an infrastructure company. We are thinking of what the world will look like in 2040-2050.”   - Patrick Collison

Source


2020/11/08

How will Biden Administration affect global trade?

Joe Biden (Democratic Party) was selected as US president in November 2020. U.S economy has been stagnant since the emergence of COVID-19, which diminished purchase power of overseas supplies. However, if the US economy recovers as economic stimulus measures reach agreement, the demand from U.S. consumers will increase, which is good news for global economy and trade. Nevertheless, due to the increase in monetary base and the velocity of dollar supply, it is highly likely that Biden's major pledges will act as a pressure to appreciate other currencies (only Turkish Lira is depreciating its value). There is also high possibility that Biden will maintain a strong policy toward China to protect U.S. industries, which is in need for other countries to monitor and prepare.

Dealing with China

Similar to the previous Trump administration's trade policy, Biden administration will also show strong stance towards China in terms of trade through strengthening solidarity with the alliance. It is expected to respond strongly to unfair trade practices in China in collaboration with allies and expand to areas such as human rights, labor, and the environment (climate change).

Protective Trade Measures

The possibility of withdrawing tariffs against China and Article 232 measures imposed by the Trump administration is expected to be low, and import regulatory measures such as anti-dumping and countervailing duties are expected to continue to protect domestic industries.

Trade Agreement 

It is a position that it will not proceed with a new trade agreement immediately after election, and even if a trade agreement is promoted, there is a high possibility that the Democratic Party will demand strengthening of requirements such as labor and environment provisions traditionally emphasized.

These three factors are the position that the United States will lead the world trade order and rebuild the leadership of the United States through multilateralism and restoration of trust with allies.

How will these affect to the global trade? The recovery of the US economy through expansion of stimulus package and rules-based trade policy are expected to have a positive effect on global trade, but there is a need for continuous monitoring of disputes between the US and China and fluctuations in exchange rates and oil prices, and protective trade measures (Buy American). 

To conclude the existing concept of US-China conflict remain unchanged. Unlike Trump's unpredictable and extreme tariff wars, trade policy with China is likely to become an imprisonment for China through coalitions with allies. Therefore, the trade dependent country like Japan, Korea and Taiwan should pay close attention to Biden's economic pledges and the process of industrial protection policies.